Bharat Ratna Award List in India

Bharat Ratna Award List from 1954 to 2024 with all facts and details of recipient, Download PDF of Bharat Ratna Award female in India, Also check list of benefits and entitlements given to the recipient of Bharat Ratna Award

Bharat Ratna Award List in India : The Bharat Ratna Award is India's highest civilian award. Bharat Ratna is awarded for the highest degrees of national service. The Bharat Ratna Award was instituted in 1954. As per the Indian Government, Bharat Ratna award is given to any candidate for highest order of performance in any filed of human endeavour. Karpoori Thakur (Politician and former CM of Bihar), L. K. Advani (Politician and former deputy Prime Minister of India), P. V. Narasimha Rao (Former Prime Minister of India), Chaudhary Charan Singh (Former Prime Minister of India) and M. S. Swaminathan (Agriculture Scientist) will be awarded Bharat Ratna India's highest civilian Award.

The prime minister gives the recommendation for Bharat Ratna award to the president. In a financial year, maximum three person can be awarded with Bharat Ratna. On conferment of the award, the recipient receives a Sanad (certificate) signed by the president and a medallion. The complete Bharat Ratna award list with details of awardee description and dates is given below.

Bharat Ratna Award List 2024

Bharat Ratna Award is the highest civilian award of the country. In year 2019, Bharat Ratna is awarded to 13th President of India and former Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee, and Indian playback Singer, Musician, Lyricist, Poet, Film maker from Assam state Bhupen Hazarika and Social Activist and former member of Rajya Sabha Nanaji Deshmukh.

In year 2024 Bharat Ratna will be awarded to Karpoori Thakur former chief minister of Bihar state, L. K. Advani former Deputy Prime Minister of India, P. V. Narasimha Rao former Prime Minister of India, Chaudhary Charan Singh former Prime minister of India and Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh and M. S. Swaminathan agronomist, agricultural scientist, plant geneticist, administrator, and humanitarian.

Name of Award Bharat Ratna
Country Indian
Type of AwardNational Civilian
Presented By President of India
Establishment Year1954
First recipient of Bharat Ratna Award1. C.Rajagopalachari
2. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
3. C. V. Raman
Total no. of recipients of Bharat Ratna till date53
Recently Awarded (In 2024)1. Karpoori Thakur
2. L. K. Advani
3. P. V. Narasimha Rao
4. Charan Singh
5. M. S. Swaminathan
Obverse or Principal Design of Bharat Ratna AwardAn Image of Sun along with "Bharat Ratna"
inscribed in Devanagari Script on a Peepal Leaf
Reverse A Platinum State Emblem of India placed in the center with "Satyameva Jayate" written in Devanagari script
Bharat Ratna Award List Overview

Bharat Ratna Award List 1954 to 2024

The Bharat Ratna Award list with brief description of recipient and all other details is given below in the table.

S.NoRecipient of Bharat Ratna AwardAwarded In YearBrief Description
1C.Rajagopalachari
(First recipient of Bharat Ratna Award)
1954C.Rajagopalachari was an Indian independence activist, statesman and lawyer. Rajagopalachari was the only Indian and last Governor-General of independent India. He was Chief Minister of Madras Presidency (1937–39) and Madras State (1952–54) and founder of the Indian political party Swatantra Party.
2Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
(First recipient of Bharat Ratna Award)
1954Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan served as India's 1st Vice-President from 1952 to 1962 and 2nd President of India from 1962 to 1967. Since 1962, his birthday on 5 September is observed as "Teachers' Day" in India.
3C. V. Raman
(First recipient of Bharat Ratna Award)
1954C. V. Raman is widely known for his work on the scattering of light and the discovery of the effect, better known as "Raman scattering", Raman mainly worked in the field of atomic physics and electromagnetism and was presented Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930.
4Bhagwan Das1955Bhagwan Das was a Independence activist, philosopher, and educationist, and co-founder of Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapithand and worked with Madan Mohan Malaviya for the foundation of Banaras Hindu University.
5M. Visvesvaraya1955M. Visvesvaraya was a Civil Engineer, Statesman, and Diwan of Mysore (1912–18), was a Knight Commander of the order of the Indian Empire. His birthday, 15 September, is observed as "Engineer's Day" in India.
6Jawaharlal Nehru1955Jawaharlal Nehru was an Independence activist and author. He was the 1st and the longest-serving Prime Minister of India (1947–64).
7Govind Ballabh Pant1957Govind Ballabh Pant was an Independence activist pant was premier of United Provinces (1937–39, 1946–50) and 1st Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh (1950–54). He served as Union Home Minister from 1955–61.
8Dhondo Keshav Karve1958Dhondo Keshav Karve was a social reformer and educator. He is widely known for his works related to woman education and remarriage of Hindu widows. He established the Widow Marriage Association (1883), Hindu Widows Home (1896), and started Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women's University in 1916.
9Bidhan Chandra Roy1961Bidhan Chandra Roy was a physician, political leader, philanthropist, educationist, and social worker, He is often considered as "Maker of Modern West Bengal". He was second Chief Minister of West Bengal (1948–62) and his birthday on 1 July is observed as "National Doctors' Day" in India.
10Purushottam Das Tandon1961Purushottam Das Tandon is often titled as "Rajarshi". He was an independence activist and served as speaker of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (1937–50). He was actively involved in a campaign to get official language status to Hindi.
11Rajendra Prasad1962Rajendra Prasad was an Independence activist, lawyer, statesman, and scholar, Prasad was closely associated with Mahatma Gandhi in the non-cooperation movement for Indian independence. He was later elected as the 1st President of India (1950–62).
12Zakir Husain1963Zakir Husain was an Independence activist and education philosopher, Zakir Husain served as a Vice Chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University (1948–56) and the Governor of Bihar (1957–62). Later, he was elected as 2nd Vice-President of India (1962–67) and went on to become the 3rd President of India (1967–69).
13Pandurang Vaman Kane1963Pandurang Vaman Kane was an Indologist and Sanskrit scholar, He is best known for his five-volume literary work, history of Dharmasastra: Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India; the "monumental" work that extends over nearly 6,500 pages and being published from 1930 to 1962.
14Lal Bahadur Shastri1966Lal Bahadur Shastri is known for his slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan" ("Hail the Soldier, Hail the Farmer"). He was an Independence activist Shastri served as second Prime Minister of India (1964–66) and led the country during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.
15Indira Gandhi1971She is known as the "Iron Lady of India". Indra Gandhi was the 1st female Prime Minister of India from 1966 to 1977 and from 1980 to 1984. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, her government supported Bangladesh Liberation War which led to the formation of a new country, Bangladesh.
16V. V. Giri1975While studying at the University College Dublin, V.V. Giri was involved in the Irish Sinn Fein movement. Returning to India, he organized labour unions and brought them to take active participation in Indian freedom struggle. He was elected as the first President of the All India Trade Union Congress in 1926. Post-independence, V.V. Giri held positions of Governor of Uttar Pradesh, Kerala and Mysore and various other cabinet ministries. He became the first acting President and was eventually elected as the fourth President of India (1969–74).
17K. Kamaraj1976K. Kamaraj was an Independence activist and statesman. He was a former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for three terms; (1954–57), (1957–62), and (1962–63).
18Mother Teresa 1980"Saint Mother Teresa of Calcutta" was a catholic nun and the founder of the Missionaries of Charity. She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her humanitarian work in 1979 and was beatified on 19 October 2003 by Pope John Paul II and canonized on 4 September 2016 by Pope Francis.
19Vinoba Bhave1983He was an Independence activist, social reformer, and a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi, Vinoba Bhave is best known for his "Bhoodan Movement", "Land-Gift Movement". He was given the honorific title "Acharya" ("teacher") and was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award (1958) for his humanitarian work.
20Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan1987Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan is widely known as "Frontier Gandhi", independence activist and Pashtun leader Khan was a follower of Mahatma Gandhi. He joined Khilafat Movement in 1920 and founded Khudai Khidmatgar ("Red Shirt movement") in 1929.
21M. G. Ramachandran1988Actor turned politician Ramachandran served as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for three terms; (1977–80), (1980–84), and (1985–87).
22B. R. Ambedkar1990B. R. Ambedkar was a social reformer and leader of the Dalits (Untouchables), B.R. Ambedkar was the Chief Architect of the Indian Constitution and also served as the first Law Minister of India. Ambedkar predominantly campaigned against the social discrimination with Dalits, the Hindu varna system. He was associated with the Dalit Buddhist movement and accepted Buddhism as a religion along with his close to half a million followers on 14 October 1956.
23Nelson Mandela1990Nelson Mandela was a leader of the Anti-Apartheid Movement in South Africa, Mandela was the President of South Africa (1994–99). He is often called as the "Gandhi of South Africa", Mandela's African National Congress movement was influenced by Gandhian philosophy. In 1993, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
24Rajiv Gandhi1991Rajiv Gandhi was the 9th Prime Minister of India serving from 1984 to 1989.
25Vallabhbhai Patel1991Vallabhbhai Patel is widely known as the "Iron Man of India", He was an independence activist and first Deputy Prime Minister of India (1947–50). Post-independence, Sardar Patel (Leader) worked with V. P. Menon towards dissolving 555 princely states into the Indian Union.
26Morarji Desai1991Morarji Desai was an Independence activist. Hei was the 6th Prime Minister of India (1977–79). He is the only Indian national to be awarded the Nishan-e-Pakistan, highest civilian award given by the Government of Pakistan.
27Abul Kalam Azad1992Abul Kalam Azad was an Independence activist. He was India's 1st Minister of Education and worked towards free primary education. He is widely known as "Maulana Azad" and his birthday on 11 November is observed as National Education Day in India.
28J. R. D. Tata1992J. R. D. Tata was an industrialist, philanthropist, and aviation pioneer, Tata founded India's first airline Air India. He is the founder of various institutes including Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Tata Memorial Hospital, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Tata Motors, TCS, National Institute of Advanced Studies, and National Centre for the Performing Arts.
29Satyajit Ray1992Satyajit Ray was having debuted as a director with Pather Panchali in 1955, Film-Maker Ray is credited with bringing world recognition to Indian cinema. In 1984, Ray was awarded the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in cinema.
30Gulzarilal Nanda1997Gulzarilal Nanda was an Independence activist. He was two times Interim Prime Minister of India (1964, 1966) and two times deputy chairman of the Planning Commission.
31Aruna Asaf Ali1997Aruna Asaf Ali was an Independence activist. He is better known for hoisting the Indian flag in Bombay during the Quit India Movement in 1942. Post-Independence, Ali was elected as Delhi's 1st Mayor in 1958.
32A. P. J. Abdul Kalam1997Aerospace and Defense Scientist, A. P. J. Abdul Kalam was involved in the development of India's first satellite launch vehicle SLV III and was the architect of Integrated Guided Missile Development Program. He worked for Indian National Committee for Space Research, Indian Space Research Organization, Defense Research and Development Laboratory and was appointed as the Scientific Advisor to the Defense Minister, Secretary to Department of Defense Research and Development and Director General of Defense Research and Development Organization. Later, he served as the 11th President of India from 2002 till 2007.
33M. S. Subbulakshmi1998M. S. Subbulakshmi was carnatic classical vocalist. SHe, often hailed as "Queen of songs", was the 1st Indian musician to receive the Ramon Magsaysay Award.
34Chidambaram Subramaniam1998Chidambaram Subramaniam is an Independence activist and former Minister of Agriculture of India (1964–66), Subramaniam is known for his contribution towards Green Revolution in India. During the late 1970s, he worked for International Rice Research Institute, Manila, and the International Maize and Wheat Research Institute, Mexico.
35Jayaprakash Narayan1999Jayaprakash Narayan was an Independence activist, social reformer, and commonly referred as "Lok Nayak" ("People's Hero"), He is better known for "Total Revolution Movement" or "JP Movement" initiated during the mid-1970s to "overthrow the corrupt and exploitative Congress Government".
36Amartya Sen1999Amartya Sen was winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (1998), He has done research over several topics including social choice theory, ethics and political philosophy, welfare economics, decision theory, development economics, public health, and gender studies.
37Gopinath Bordoloi1999Gopinath Bordoloi was an Independence activist. He was the 1st Chief Minister of Assam (1946–50). His efforts and association with the Minister of Home Affairs, Vallabhbhai Patel were widely acknowledged while keeping Assam united with India when parts of it were to merge with East Pakistan.
38Ravi Shankar1999Ravi Shankar was winner of four Grammy Awards and often considered "the world's best-known exponent of Hindustani classical music", sitar player Shankar is known for his collaborative work with Western musicians including Yehudi Menuhin and George Harrison.
39Bhimsen Joshi2009Bhimsen Joshi was Hindustani Classical Vocalist, He was a disciple of Kirana gharana, an Indian musical school. He is widely known for the Khyal genre of singing with a "mastery over rhythm and accurate notes".
40Lata Mangeshkar2001Lata Mangeshkar is widely credited as the "Nightingale of India", She started her career in the 1940s and has sung songs in over 36 languages. In 1989, Mangeshkar was awarded the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in cinema.
41Bismillah Khan2001Bismillah Khan was Hindustani Classical Shehnai Player, He played the instrument for more than eight decades and is credited to have brought the instrument to the center stage of Indian music.
42C. N. R. Rao2014C. N. R. Rao was the recipient of Honorary Doctorates from 63 Universities including Purdue, IIT Bombay, Oxford, chemist and professor. He has worked prominently in the fields of Solid State and Materials Chemistry, Spectroscopy and Molecular Structure. He has authored around 1600 research papers and 48 books.
43Sachin Tendulkar2014Sachin Tendulkar played 664 international cricket matches in a career spanning over two decades. He holds various cricket records including the only player to have scored one hundred international centuries, the first batsman to score a double century in a One Day International and the only player to complete more than 30,000 runs in both ODI and Test cricket.
44Madan Mohan Malaviya2015Madan Mohan Malaviya was a scholar and educational reformer. He was the founder of Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha (1906) and Banaras Hindu University and served as the university's vice-chancellor from 1919 till 1938. He was the President of Indian National Congress for four terms and was the Chairman of Hindustan Times from 1924 to 1946.
45Atal Bihari Vajpayee2015Atal Bihari Vajpayee was the parliamentarian for over four decades, Vajpayee was elected nine times to the Lok Sabha, twice to the Rajya Sabha and served as the Prime Minister of India for three terms; 1996, 1998, 1999–2004. He was minister of External Affairs during 1977–79 and was awarded the "Best Parliamentarian" in 1994.
46Pranab Mukherjee2019Pranab Mukherjee is an Indian politician who served as the 13th President of India from 2012 to 2017. He has been a senior leader in the Indian National Congress and has occupied several ministerial portfolios in the Government of India. Prior to his election as President, he was Union Finance Minister from 2009 to 2012.
47Nanaji Deshmukh2019Nanaji Deshmukh was a social activist from India. He worked in the fields of education, health, and rural self-reliance. He was a member of RSS, a leader of the Bhartiya Jana Sangh and also a member of the Rajya Sabha. He was honored with the Padma Vibhushan in 1999. India’s first Saraswati Shishu Mandir was established by him at Gorakhpur in 1950.
48Bhupen Hazarika2019Bhupen Hazarika was an Indian playback singer, lyricist, musician, singer, poet and film-maker from Assam. He is widely known as Sudhakantha. Before he got Bharat Ranta (India's highest civilian award), he received the National Film Award for Best Music Direction in 1975 and recipient of Sangeet Natak Akademi Award (1987), Padmashri (1977), and Padmabhushan (2001), and also awarded with Dada Saheb Phalke Award (1992).
49Karpoori Thakur2024Karpoori Thakur was chief minister of Bihar state from 1970 to 1971, and from 1977 to 1979. He introduced the reservation policy in state government jobs in year 1978.
50L. K. Advani2024Lal Krishna Advani is one of the co-founders of Bharatiya Janata Party. He served as the 7th Deputy Prime Minister of India from 2002 to 2004.
51P. V. Narasimha Rao2024Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao was 9th Prime Minister of India from 1991 to 1996 and 11th Union Minister of External Affairs. He served as 4th Chief Minister of United Andhra Pradesh from 1971 to 1973. He is known for introducing various liberal reforms to India's economy.
52Charan Singh2024Charan Singh was the 5th Prime minister of India from 1979 to 1980, 3rd Deputy Prime Minister of India from 24 January 1979 to 16 July 1979 and 5th Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh from 18 February 1970 to 1 October 1970. Historians and people alike frequently refer to him as the "Champion of India's peasants.
53M. S. Swaminathan2024Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan was an Indian agronomist, agricultural scientist, plant geneticist, administrator, and humanitarian. Swaminathan was a global leader of the green revolution. He has been called the main architect of the green revolution in India for his leadership and role in introducing and further developing high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice.
Bharat Ratna Award List 1954 to 2024

Param Vir Chakra Winners List

Bharat Ratna Award Female List 1954 to 2024

Indira Gandhi was the first Indian women who was awarded the Bharat Ratna Award in the year 1971. This award was given to her as she defeated Pakistan in the 1971 war in only 14 days. Five Indian women got the Bharat Ratana Award in India their name is given below.

  • Indira Gandhi in 1971
  • Mother Teresa in 1980
  • Aruna Asaf Ali in 1997
  • Ms Subhalaxmi in 1998
  • Lata Mangeshkar in 2001

Bharat Ratna Award List 2024

Bharat Ratna will be awarded to Karpoori Thakur, L. K. Advani, P. V. Narasimha Rao, Chaudhary Charan Singh and M. S. Swaminathan.

  • Karpoori Thakur
  • Lal Krishna Advani
  • Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao
  • Charan Singh
  • Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan

Bharat Ratna Award Benefits and Entitlements List

The Bharat Ratna Award does not carry any monetary benefits, The Bharat Ratna Awardee are given several entitlements which includes

  1. The Medallion and Miniature
  2. A Certificate or Sanad singed by the President of India
  3. Bharat Ratna Awardee is treated as a state guest by State Government when traveling within a state
  4. Indian Missions abroad requested to facilitate recipients when requested
  5. Diplomatic Passport
  6. Executive class free travel on Air India for lifetime.
  7. Placed 7a in the Indian order of precedence.

Nari Shakti Puraskar Winners and Awards List 2024

Important Facts of Bharat Ratna Award

  • Bharat Ratna Award was Instituted on 2 January 1954.
  • Bharat Ratna Award is Highest Civilian Award of the country.
  • The name of recipients of Bharat Ratna are announced in Gazette of India.
  • In a Year, only three person can receive Bharat Ratna Award.
  • Till now, Bharat Ratna has been awarded to 48 persons.
  • The recipients of Bharat Ratna rank 7th in Indian order of precedence.
  • First Recipient of Bharat Ratna were C.Rajagopalachari, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and C. V. Raman.
  • The first Person who is awarded posthumously was Lal Bahadur Shastri.
  • Person awarded with Bharat Ratna on his 100th Birthday was Dhondo Keshav Karve.
  • First Singer to receive Bharat Ratna was M.S. Subbulakshmi
  • First Actor to Award was M.G. Ramachandran
  • First naturalized citizen to get Bharat Ratna Award was Mother Tersa
  • Non Indian Awardee - Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Nelson Mandela
  • Sachin Tendulkar is the youngest recipient of Bharat Ratna at the age of 40 years.

Bharat Ratna Award List PDF in India

Bharat Ratna Award List PDF can be downloaded from below link.

https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/ListofBRrecepients_09082019.pdf

Bharat Ratna Award List
Bharat Ratna Award List from 1954 to 2024

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14 thoughts on “Bharat Ratna Award List in India”

  1. Sry if iam wrong
    Highest civilian award is given to the person who is living for his purpose to serve the nation in all aspects accordingly aware of three dimensions with ecstatic instant memories accordingly to serve our nations all dimensions accordingly
    Aware of his sole purpose
    Believing in himself and his association
    He knows the problem of the worst civilian but punish accordingly
    He solved problems of himself in all aspects then turn around all feels the magic , things and predict

  2. based on this list, Rahul Gandhi and Pinki Vadra should also get Bharat Ratna. This family gives birth to people who are destined for Bharat Ratna.

  3. Why Govt has not awarded Bharat Ratna to Netaji Subash Chandra Bose? Many persons who had been awarded Bharat Ratna are much less important compared to Netaji. At least this year when his 125th birthday is being celebrated, he should be honoured by Bharat Ratna and we should correct our mistake.

  4. You are very much right. Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose should be conferred with Bharat Ratna. I have seen many names, though they are great personality for our nation but Netaji's contribution is much much higher than many of them.

  5. Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose was completely dedicated and extended his great contribution for freedom of India compare with others. I feel without his contribution our freedom was not possible. So he must be conferred with Bharat Ratna.

  6. नकली गांधी परिवार ने अपने आपको जीते जी भारत रत्न घोषित कर लिया।डा.बाबा साहेब अम्बेडकर जी को 1990 मे भारत रत्न दिया गया। जबकि उन्हे यह बहुत पहले मिल जाना चाहिए था।स्वघोषित कंप्यूटर बाबा(पप्पू के पापा) ने ऐसा कोनसा तीर मारा था जो 1991मे भारत रत्न मिला।खिलाफत आन्दोलन वालों को भी भारत रत्न मिल गया जबकि उस आंदोलन को हमारे देश से कुछ लेना देना नहीं था। बहुत से ऐसे महान लोग हुए जिन्होंने विभिन्न क्षेत्रों मे भारत का मान बढाया ओर अपने को राष्ट्र को समर्पित किया पर उन्हें पिछली सरकार ने योग्य नहीं समझा।नेताजी सुभाषचंद्र बोस को कोन भुल सकता है। क्या पप्पू के पापा को उनसे महान ओर राष्ट्र सेवक माना गया।

  7. Nobody talks about our freedom fighter
    Subash Chandra Bose
    Bhagat Singh
    Sukhdev
    Rajguru
    Chandrashekhar aazad
    &Many more
    They are really gems of India

  8. Netaji Subhashchandra Bose and Swatantryaveer Vinayak Damodar Savarkar are the two eminent personalities who sacrificed their carriers for the sake of Independence. Savarkar opened active front to fight the British Govt. right in London. He inspired many youths to fight the battle of Independence. He secretly supplied revolvers from London to Mumbai for the freedom fighters in India. His two brothers were also sentenced for a very severe imprisonment in Andaman jail. It was Veer Savarkar who advised Netaji to secretly flee from India and took up battle with Briton from outside India. He advised the Nehru Govt. to have a strong Military with Indigenous arms and munition which went in vain. India suffered a lot for this negligence. He also advised Lal Bahadoor Shastri not to go to Tashkant for negotiations being a winner of the war.

  9. OUR PRESENT PRIME MINISTER OF INDIA SHRI NARENDER MODI JI DESERVES THE TOPMOST AWARD OF INDIA BHARAT RATNA.
    JAI HIND.

  10. Netaji was the freedom fighter as a Gandhi. So both values are same.netaji ko bharat ratna dekar unke yogdaan Ko bhulaya nahi ja sakta. We khud ek bahumulya ratna the Jo dharti per kabhi kabhi janam lete he.

  11. Bharatratna is a Appreciation for his or her Commitment towards His Country (india) … But Players and Singers Got it too early….What about 66% his Income Spent Every Year for Society Welfare, and Committed In Business Generous in Giving to his Country by Physically, Financially, Mentally and Materially Every time… Please Please Please Award Shri Ratan Navel Tata ji…. With The Prestigious awards In india…. He is Our Pride and Roll model to many Enterpeuners in the Entire World.. "Manava sevaye Madhava Seva"Satya mevaa Jayathe"…
    Jai hind.

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